Wisconsin · Handbook chapter 2 · 5 min read

Chapter 2: Right-of-way, speed and space

Wisconsin right-of-way rules, four-way stops and uncontrolled intersections, the four-second following rule, default speed limits of 25, 15 and 35 mph, merging, the 10 to 15 second sight rule and keeping space around your vehicle.

Why this chapter matters

Most crashes happen where drivers misjudge who goes first or follow too closely. The Wisconsin knowledge test returns to these basics again and again: who yields at a four-way stop, how long your following gap should be, and the speed limits that apply when no sign is posted.

Before you drive

Every trip starts with the same checks:

• carry your valid license, proof of insurance and vehicle registration;
• make sure the vehicle is in good working condition;
• fasten your seat belt and make sure every passenger is buckled; and
• adjust your seat and mirrors so you can see out of every window.

Right-of-way

Right-of-way decides who goes first and who waits where vehicles and pedestrians meet. The law says who must yield; it never gives anyone the right to cause a crash, and you must always yield when that is what it takes to avoid hitting someone. Do not assume the vehicle on the right always goes first.

You yield to:

• pedestrians, bicyclists and drivers already in the intersection;
• the driver or bicyclist who arrived first at a four-way stop. If two arrive together, the driver on the right goes first;
• vehicles coming from the right at an uncontrolled intersection (one with no signs or signals);
• traffic already in a roundabout;
• cross traffic at an uncontrolled T-intersection (when you are on the road that ends);
• a pedestrian using a guide dog or carrying a white cane, even outside the intersection. Stop at least 10 feet away until the person is off the roadway;
• a vehicle passing you, on either side;
• oncoming vehicles when you turn left or make a U-turn; and
• emergency vehicles using lights or sirens.

Speed

Speed limits

A posted limit is the fastest you may legally drive there in good conditions. You may never exceed it to pass another vehicle. Racing and reckless driving are illegal. When no other limit is posted:

The limit is a maximum, not a target. Rain, snow, fog, curves, hills and heavy traffic all call for less. Driving too slowly can also cause crashes and can earn a ticket. On a multi-lane road, drive in the far-right lane if you are slower than most traffic.

Slow down for

• curves and hills;
• the start of rain, snow or hail (avoid icy roads altogether if you can);
• parking lots, shopping malls and downtown areas;
• schools, playgrounds and residential neighborhoods; and
• heavy traffic.

Merging and leaving fast roads

• On a highway, the acceleration lane (on-ramp) is where you speed up to match traffic. It is your job to find a safe gap and merge; try not to force others to change speed or direction.
• The deceleration lane (off-ramp) is where you slow down, not on the highway itself.

The four-second rule

Wisconsin teaches a four-second following distance. Pick a fixed object ahead, such as a sign or tree. When the vehicle ahead passes it, count "one thousand one" up to "one thousand four". If you reach the object before you finish, you are too close. Add one second for each adverse condition, such as heavy traffic, rain, snow or ice.

Leave even more space when:

• the road is slippery, icy or snow-covered;
• the driver behind you wants to pass, or is following too closely;
• you follow trucks, buses, vans, motorcycles or bicycles;
• you carry a heavy load or tow a trailer;
• emergency vehicles are ahead;
• you approach a railroad crossing; or
• you stop on a hill.

Looking ahead

• Look 10 to 15 seconds ahead. If you cannot see that far, slow down.
• Check your rearview mirror every 6 to 8 seconds.
• At intersections, which include driveways, parking lot entrances and railroad crossings, look left, right and left again before entering, even when you have the right-of-way. If your view is blocked by trees, buildings or parked cars, approach slowly.
• Do not stare at drivers pulled over or other roadside activity; it causes crashes.

Stopping smoothly

Look far enough ahead to start slowing early. Sudden stops can make you lose control or cause the driver behind to hit you. Do not coast in neutral: stay in gear for full control.

Space all around

• If a vehicle rides beside you on a multi-lane road, move ahead or drop back.
• If someone is tailgating you, gradually reduce your speed to encourage them to pass. Keep a steady speed and signal early.
• Pick up and drop off passengers at a safe place out of traffic.
• When crossing traffic or a multi-lane road, make sure there is room to get all the way across.